![]() ![]() Bacteria with antagonistic activity toward P. įor the biological control of late blight which is Late blight disease, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary, is one of the most serious threats to potato production worldwide, Applications of different beneficial microbes as a biocontrol bacteria, fungi, algae or their metabolites, have been tested their ability to inhibit potato late blight, and when used as part of an integrated pest management system, they have had varying degrees of success. PGPM may affect plant performance through multiple defense mechanisms against several pathogens, operating directly by the production of specific substances that are able to promote plant growth, increase the availability and uptake of plant nutrients under biotic stress and induce the defense response of plants attacked or indirectly through the suppression of plant pathogen. Among the numerous plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) are the most commonly applied in the biological control strategies. Many research reported the ability of this microorganisms to produce indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid, and cytokinins and production of important metabolites such as siderophores, HCN, and antibiotics that have immense potentiality in enhancing the root surface area, altering root architecture and promoting plant growth. ![]() Beneficial microbes are also the microorganisms that produce hormones, vitamins and growth factors that improve plant growth and increase crop production. PGPM compensate for the reduction in plant growth caused by weed infestation, drought stress, heavy metals, salt stress and some other unfavorable environmental conditions. PGPM exist in the rhizosphere and this is defined as the region around the root. The PGPM present important beneficial effects on plant health and growth, suppress disease-causing microbes and improve nutrient. Plant growth-promoting microbes (PGPM) are free-living microorganisms of beneficial agricultural importance. Among these alternatives those referred to as biological control by using one or more beneficial microbes to suppress the damaging activities of soil-borne pathogens. Consequently, several biologist have focused their efforts on developing alternative inputs to synthetic chemicals for controlling pests and diseases. Researchers and Policy makers recognize that the excessive and unsystematic application of agrichemical inputs poses a threat to the environment and humans alike. Additionally, research suggests that the massive use of inorganic fertilizers world-wide is associated with the accumulation of in agricultural soils. However, many countries have reported alarming residues of agricultural chemicals in soil, water, air, agricultural products, and even in human blood and adipose tissue. Beyond good cultural practices, harvest and postharvest approaches in reduction of pathogen growth, growers often rely heavily on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Several approaches may be used to protect or control plant diseases. Especially, human population growth has been the source of two major concerns: providing sufficient food for humanity and minimizing worldwide environmental pollution. Plant diseases need a good control strategies in order to maintain the quality and abundance of food around the world. ![]() In this study, we present an overview and discussion of the use of beneficial microbes (bacteria and fungi) as novel BCAs for biocontrol of P. parasitism, antibiosis, or competition) or via exerting their biocontrol activity indirectly by induction in the plant of an induced systemic resistance to the pathogen. infestans using different direct antagonistic mode on the pathogen (via e.g. Bacteria such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces and fungi such as Trichoderma and Penicillium were the most reported as a BCA against P. BCAs strains should be able to protect the host plant from pathogens and fulfill the requirement for strong colonization. Biological control agents (BCAs) seems the potentially alternative to these pesticides, biological disease control is now recognized and constitute an important tool in integrated pest management. Control of this pathogen is usually by the synthetic fungicides which have been fueled by the public concern about toxicity and environmental impact and development of pathogens resistance. Among multiple biotic stresses, late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans is the most destructive disease. ![]() Potato (Solanum tuberosum) as a food source and culinary ingredient varies is the fourth most produced noncereal crop in the world. ![]()
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